/others/PNN/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%A3
---
cssclasses: vibhasa
date: 2024-03-09 21:38
updated: 2026-03-21 10:16
---
ᅟ<span class="date">Updated: 2026-03-21 10:16</span>
【[表格](Obsidian使用#^w14hl0)】 來源：[上外梵語](http://cc.shisu.edu.cn/G2S/site/preview#/rich/v/137997?ref=f¤toc=2619) [其他](https://www.fengshui-168.com/thread-76238-1-1.html)
# 連聲
Sandhi
## 元音
|ᅟ初音<br>尾音ᅟ|a|ā|i/ī|u/ū|ṛ/ṝ|e/ai|o/au|清辅音|浊辅音|==词内==| |
|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|
|**a ā**|ā <span class="size14">[§19](Stenzler#§19)</span>|<|e <span class="size14">[§20](Stenzler#§20)</span>|o|ar|ai|au|<br><br>不变<br><span style="font-size:0.66em;">短元音/ā/mā后，ch→cch [§37](Stenzler#§37)</span><br><br> ==<span style="font-size:0.66em;">ch跟在所有元音后<br>都作cch </span>==|<| |<span class="size14">[§41](Stenzler#§41)</span>|
|**i ī**|y + 元 <span class="size14">[§21](Stenzler#§21)</span>|<|ī|y + 元|<|<|<|^|<|==iy+元==|==词根元音 或 <br>前面有两个辅音==|
|**u ū**|v + 元|<|<|ū|v + 元|<|<|^|<|==uv+元==|^|
|**ṛ ṝ**|r + 元|<|<|<|ṝ|r + 元|<|^|<| | |
|**e**|e ' <span class="size14">[§22](Stenzler#§22)</span>|a 元 <span class="size14">[§23](Stenzler#§23)</span>|<|<|<|<|<|^|<|==ay+元==|<span class="size14">[§40](Stenzler#§40)</span>|
|**o**|o '|a 元|<|<|<|<|<|^|<|==av+元==| |
|**ai**|ā 元 <span class="size14">[§24](Stenzler#§24)</span>|<|<|<|<|<|<|^|<|==āy+元==| |
|**au**|āv + 元|<|<|<|<|<|<|^|<|==āv+元==| |
|**元+r**|元+r + 元 （呼唤词bhoḥ失去ḥ）<span class="size14">[§34](Stenzler#§34)</span>|<|<|<|<|<|<|ḥ+喉/唇/咝<br>元+ś 腭<br>元+ṣ +顶<br>元+s 齿<span class="size14">[§33](Stenzler#§33)</span>|元+r + 浊<br><span style="font-size:0.66em;">r前失r/s长iua</span>| |<span style="font-size:0.66em;">[古文或ḥ→ẖ,ḫ, 或同位咝化]</span>|
|**元**<span class="size14">(除a/ā)</span>**+s**|^|<|<|<|<|<|<|^|^|==有時<br>s+s = ts==|<span style="font-size:0.66em;">[呼唤词bhoḥ濁前失去ḥ]</span>|
|**as**|o '|a 元|<|<|<|<|<|^|o 浊|^| |
|**ās**|ā 元 <span class="size14">[§35](Stenzler#§35)</span>|<|<|<|<|<|<|^|ā 浊|^| |
|**k ṭ t p**|浊化g ḍ d b + 元|<|<|<|<|<|<| |<|<|<|
|**ṅ ṇ n**|不变 <span style="font-size:0.66em;">短元音后 ṅṅ/ṇṇ/nn+元 [§29](Stenzler#§29)</span>|<|<|<|<|<|<|^|^|^|^|
|**m**|^|^|^|^|^|^|^|^|^|^|^|
[amī及双数尾音ī/ū/e]+元音，不需变化。[§25](Stenzler#§25)
呼格也不用连音变化。(感叹词末端的母音不变)
-ṛ + ḷ- = -ṝ-
eo變a唯除a
清嘶濁r aā脫，雙r合一延iu，a遇a及濁輔o。
<br>
## 輔音
| |<|<font color="#0070c0">初音</font>|<font color="#0070c0">浊辅音</font>|<|<|<|<|<|<font color="#0070c0">清辅音</font>|<|<|<|<|==词内==|
|-|-|-|:-:|-|-|:-:|-:|-|:-:|-|-:|-|-|-|
|<font color="#73dd33">尾音</font> <span class="size14">[§17](Stenzler#§17) [§18](Stenzler#§18)</span>|<|<font color="#73dd33">尾<sub><span class="size16">停</span></sub></font>|<font color="#0070c0">**其他**</font>|<font color="#0070c0">**鼻音**</font>|<font color="#0070c0">**h**</font> <span class="size14">[§36](Stenzler#§36)</span>|<font color="#0070c0">**半元音**</font>|<font color="#0070c0">**j jh ḍ ḍh**</font>|<font color="#0070c0">**d dh**</font>|<font color="#0070c0">**t th**</font>|<font color="#0070c0">**ṭ ṭh**</font>|<font color="#0070c0">**c ch**</font>|<font color="#0070c0">**咝音**</font> <span class="size14">[§38](Stenzler#§38)</span>|<font color="#0070c0">**其他**</font>| |
|元音|<|<font color="#73dd33">元音</font>| |<|<|<|<|<| |<|<|<|<|^|
|**ś<br>ṣ<br>h**|**k kh g gh<br>c ch j jh**|<font color="#73dd33">k</font>|<font color="#804000">g+浊</font>|ṅ+鼻|k+h=ggh|<font color="#804000">浊</font>|<|<|<font color="#dadada">不變</font>|<|<|<|<font color="#dadada">k+清</font>|^|
|^|**<span style="font-size:0.86em;">ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh (j)</span>**|<font color="#73dd33">ṭ</font>|<font color="#804000">ḍ+浊</font>|ṇ+鼻|ṭ+h=ḍḍh|^|<|<|^|<|<|<|<font color="#dadada">ṭ+清</font>|^|
|**t th d dh** <span class="size14">[§27](Stenzler#§27) [§28](Stenzler#§28)</span>|<|<font color="#73dd33">t</font>|<font color="#804000">d+浊</font>|n+鼻|t+h=ddh|t+l=ll|jj(h) ḍḍ(h)| | |ṭṭ(h)|cc(h)|t + ś = cch|<font color="#dadada">t+清</font>|^|
|**p ph b bh** <span class="size14">[§26](Stenzler#§26)</span>|<|<font color="#73dd33">p</font>|<font color="#804000">b+浊</font>|m+鼻|p+h=bbh|<font color="#804000">浊</font>|<|<|<font color="#dadada">不變</font>|<|<|<|<font color="#dadada">p+清</font>|^|
|**ṅ ñ**|<|<font color="#73dd33">ṅ</font>| |<|<|<|<|<|<|<|<|<|<|^|
|**ṇ**|<|<font color="#73dd33">ṇ</font>|^|<|<|<|<|<|<|<|<|<|<|^|
|**n** <span class="size14">[§31](Stenzler#§31) [§32](Stenzler#§32)</span>|<|<font color="#73dd33">n</font>|<font color="#dadada">不變</font>|<|<|n+l=l̃l(łl)|ñj(h) ṇḍ(h)| |ṃst(h)|ṃṣṭ(h)|ṃśc(h)|n+ś=<span style="color:#e9a776;">ñś/**ñch**</span>| |==<span class="size14">Ø + 辅； ṃ + 咝 </span>==<span class="size14">[§55](Stenzler#§55)</span>|
|**m** <span class="size14">[§30](Stenzler#§30)</span>|<|<font color="#73dd33">m</font>|ṃ 辅|<|<|<|<|<|<|<|<|<|<|==<span class="size14">Ø + 辅； ṃ + 咝，n + 辅<br>(除y、咝音外-m- -v-)</span>==|
|<span style="font-size:0.66em;">根尾<br>gh jh ḍh dh bh h<br>停顿变为不送气后<br>词根首gdb<br>变送气</span>|<|<| |==<span class="size14">c/j+n=cñ/jñ</span>==|<span class="size14">[§54](Stenzler#§54)</span>| |<span class="size14">[§51](Stenzler#§51)</span><br>==a==|==<span class="size14">h+t/th/dh=ḍh<br>(前面短元音<br>除ṛ外变长元音)</span>==|==<span class="size14">gh jh ḍh dh bh<br>\+t/th (词缀头)<br> = g(jḍdb)+dh</span>==|<span class="size14">[§48](Stenzler#§48)</span>| |==<span style="font-size:0.66em;">j/ś/ṣ/h+ s= kṣ</span>==<br><span class="size14">[§52](Stenzler#§52)</span>| | |
|^|<|<| |<|<|<|==b==|==<span style="font-size:0.56em;">(d.../sni)h+t<br>=gdh</span>==|==<span class="size14">j (词根尾) + t<br>= kt/ṣṭ</span>==|<span class="size14">[§49](Stenzler#§49)</span>| |<| | |
| |<|<| |<|<|<|<span class="size14">[§47](Stenzler#§47)</span>|==<span class="size14">在ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṣ后<br>齿音变ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh</span>==|==ś + t = ṣṭ==|<span class="size14">[§50](Stenzler#§50)</span>| | | | |
| <span class="size14">[§43](Stenzler#§43)</span> | ==辅音在元音、半元音、鼻音前一般不变；== |
| ----------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| <span class="size14">[§53](Stenzler#§53)</span> | ==r在[辅音语尾]前，不变== |
| <span class="size14">[§42](Stenzler#§42)</span> | =={词根中(i/u)+( r/v)}+辅，i/u变长== |
| <span class="size14">[§46](Stenzler#§46)</span> | ==s→ṣ ：[k r l , 非a/ā元音]+([ḥ ṃ])+s+[^ ṛ r]。（s变r除外）== |
| <span class="size14">[§45](Stenzler#§45)</span> | ==n→ṇ ：[ṛ ṝ r ṣ]+([元喉唇y v h ṃ]<font color="#d83931">注1</font>)+ n+[元 n m y v]== |
| | ==<font color="#d83931">注1</font>：中間没有颚音(含ś)，卷舌音，齿音(含l，s)== |
| | <span class="size14"> [§39](Stenzler#§39) [§44](Stenzler#§44) </span> |
| | |
<br>
# 變格
## 元音
| | | aśva | dāna | kanyā | kavi | mati | vāri | paśu | dhenu | <span style="font-size:0.66em;">madhu</span> | dhī | bhū | nadī | vadhū | <span style="font-size:0.66em;">dādṛ</span> | <span style="font-size:0.66em;">pitṛ</span> | <span style="font-size:0.66em;">matṛ</span> | <span style="font-size:0.66em;">dādṛ</span> | go | nau | |
| --- | --- | --------------------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ | --------------------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------------------ | --------------------------------- | ----------- | -------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------- | -------- | ---------------------------------- |
| | 类型 | °a | < | °ā | °i | < | < | °u | < | < | °ī | °ū | °ī | °ū | °ṛ f.ī | < | < | < | °o | °au | |
| 数 | 格 | m. | n. | f. | m. | f. | n. | m. | f. | n. | f.单 | < | f.多 | < | m. | <span style="font-size:0.66em;">m亲</span> | <span style="font-size:0.66em;">f亲</span> | n. | m.f. | f. | |
| | 1 | as | am | ā | is | ∶ | i | us | ∶ | u | ==īs== | ==ūs== | ī | ==ūs== | ā | ∶ | ∶ | ṛ | aus | ==aus== | s |
| 单 | 2 | am | ¨ | ām | im | ∶ | ¨ | um | ∶ | ¨ | ==iyam== | ==uvam== | īm | ūm | āram | aram | < | ¨ | ām | ==āvam== | am |
| S. | 3 | ena | ∶ | ayā | inā | yā | in==ā== | unā | vā | un==ā== | ==iyā== | ==uvā== | ==yā== | ==vā== | ==rā== | ∶ | ∶ | ṛṇ==ā== | ==avā== | ==āvā== | ā |
| | 4 | āya | ∶ | **āyai** | aye | **aye/yai** | in==e== | ave | **ave/vai** | un==e== | ==iye/==**iyai** | ==uve/==**uvai** | **yai** | **vai** | ==re== | ∶ | ∶ | ṛṇ==e== | ==ave== | ==āve== | e |
| | 5 | āt | ∶ | **āyās** | es | **es/yās** | in==as== | os | **os/vās** | un==as== | ==iyas/==**iyās** | ==uvas/==**uvās** | **yās** | **vās** | us/ur | ∶ | ∶ | ṛṇ==as== | os | ==āvas== | as |
| | 6 | asya | ∶ | **¨** | ¨ | **¨** | ¨ | ¨ | **¨** | ¨ | **¨** | **¨** | **¨** | **¨** | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ==¨== | ¨ |
| | 7 | e | ∶ | **āyām** | au | **∶/yām** | in==i== | au | **∶/vām** | un==i== | ==iyi/==**iyām** | ==uvi/==**uvām** | **yām** | **vām** | ari | ∶ | ∶ | ṛṇ==i== | ==avi== | ==āvi== | <font color="#d83931">i</font> |
| | 0 | a | ∶ | e | e | ∶ | e/i | o | ∶ | o/u | ==īs== | ==ūs== | i | u | ar | ∶ | ∶ | ṛ/ar | aus | | a |
| 双 | 012 | au | e | e | ī | ∶ | in==ī== | ū | ∶ | un==ī== | <font color="#ff0000">iy</font>==au== | <font color="#ff0000">uv</font>==au== | <font color="#ff0000">y</font>==au== | <font color="#ff0000">v</font>==au== | ār==au== | ar==au== | < | ṛṇ==ī== | āvau | ==āvau== | au\ <font color="#d83931">ī</font> |
| D. | 345 | ābhyām | < | ==∶== | ==ibhyām== | < | ==∶== | ==ubhyām== | < | ==∶== | ==ībhyām== | ==ūbhyām== | ==◦bhyām== | < | ==ṛbhyām== | < | ==∶== | ==∶== | ==◦bhyām== | < | bhyām |
| | 67 | ayos | ∶ | ∶ | ==yos== | ==∶== | in==os== | ==vos== | ==∶== | un==os== | ==iyos== | ==uvos== | ==yos== | ==vos== | ==ros== | ==∶== | ==∶== | ṛṇ==os== | ==avos== | ==āvos== | oḥ |
| 复 | 01 | ās | āni | ās | ayas | < | īn==i== | avas | ∶ | ūn==i== | ==iyas== | ==uvas== | ==yas== | ==vas== | ār==as== | aras | < | ṝṇ==i== | āvas | ==āvas== | aḥ\ i |
| P. | 2 | ān | ¨ | **¨** | īn | **īs** | ¨ | ūn | **ūs** | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | **īs** | **ūs** | ṝn | ∶ | **ṝḥ** | ¨ | ās | ==āvas== | ¨ |
| | 3 | ais | ∶ | ==ābhis== | ==ibhis== | < | ==∶== | ==ubhis== | < | ==∶== | ==ībhis== | ==ūbhis== | ==◦bhis== | < | ==ṛbhis== | ==∶== | ==∶== | ==∶== | ==◦bhis== | < | bhiḥ |
| | 4 | ebhyas | < | ==ābhyas== | ==ibhyas== | < | ==∶== | ==ubhyas== | < | ==∶== | ==ībhyas== | ==ūbhyas== | ==◦bhyas== | < | ==ṛbhyas== | < | ==∶== | ==∶== | ==◦bhyas== | < | bhyaḥ |
| | 5 | ¨ | ¨ | ==¨== | ==¨== | ==¨== | ==¨== | ==¨== | ==¨== | ==¨== | ==¨== | ==¨== | ==¨== | ==¨== | ==¨== | ==¨== | ==¨== | ==¨== | ==¨== | ==¨== | ¨ |
| | 6 | <font color="#de7802">ānām</font> | <font color="#de7802">∶</font> | <font color="#de7802">∶</font> | <font color="#de7802">īnām</font> | < | <font color="#de7802">∶</font> | <font color="#de7802">ūnām</font> | < | <font color="#de7802">∶</font> | ==iyām(uvām)/==<font color="#de7802">◦nām</font> | < | <font color="#de7802">◦nām</font> | < | <font color="#de7802">ṝṇām</font> | <font color="#de7802">∶</font> | <font color="#de7802">∶</font> | <font color="#de7802">∶</font> | ==avām== | ==āvām== | ām |
| | 7 | eṣu | ∶ | ==āsu== | ==iṣu== | ==∶== | ==∶== | ==uṣu== | ==∶== | ==∶== | ==īṣu== | ==ūṣu== | ==īṣu== | ==ūṣu== | ṛṣu | ∶ | ∶ | ∶ | ==oṣu== | ==auṣu== | su |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | [§62](Stenzler#§62) | < | [§63](Stenzler#§63) | [§65](Stenzler#§65) | [§68](Stenzler#§68) | [§69](Stenzler#§69) | | | | [§71](Stenzler#§71) | < | [§73](Stenzler#§73) | < | [§75](Stenzler#§75) | [§76](Stenzler#§76) | < | | [§79](Stenzler#§79) | < | |
<br>
## 輔音
| | | 单语干 | < | < | < | < | 多语干 | < | < | < | < | < | < | < | < | < | < | < |
| --- | --- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------- | ---- | --------- | ---- | -------------------------------------------------- | ---- | -------- | ----- | ------ | ---- | ------------- | ------ | -------- | ----- | -------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------- |
| 数 | 格 | °辅音 | °as °is(°us依照°is) | < | < | < | <span style="font-size:0.66em;">主现分</span>°(m/v)at | < | °(m/v)an | < | °in | < | °īyas | < | °vas | < | °ac（形容词） | < |
| | | <span style="font-size:0.66em;">(单语干)</span> | mf. | n. | mf. | n. | m. | n. | m. | n. | m. | n. | m. | n. | m. | n. | <span style="font-size:0.66em;">（双语干）</span> | <span style="font-size:0.66em;">（三语干）</span> |
| 单 | 1 | ◦(mf.<font color="#d83931">n.</font>) | ās | as | is | is | an (m/v)ān | at | ā | a | ī | i | īyān | īyas | vān | vat | aṅ ak | prat-yaṅ -yak |
| | 2 | ◦am ◦ | asam | ¨ | iṣam | ¨ | antam | ¨ | ānam | ¨ | inam | ¨ | īyāṃsam | ¨ | vāṃsam | ¨ | añcam ak | -yañcam -yak |
| | 3 | ◦ā | asā | ∶ | iṣā | ∶ | atā | ∶ | (a)nā | ∶ | inā | ∶ | īyasā | ∶ | uṣā | ∶ | acā | -īcā |
| | 4 | ◦e | ase | ∶ | iṣe | ∶ | ate | ∶ | (a)ne | ∶ | ine | ∶ | īyase | ∶ | uṣe | ∶ | ace | -īce |
| | 5 | ◦as | asas | ∶ | iṣas | ∶ | atas | ∶ | (a)nas | < | inas | ∶ | īyasas | ∶ | uṣas | ∶ | acas | -īcas |
| | 6 | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ |
| | 7 | ◦i | asi | ∶ | iṣi | ∶ | ati | ∶ | ni/ani | < | ini | ∶ | īyasi | ∶ | uṣi | ∶ | aci | -īci |
| | 0 | ◦ | as | ∶ | is | ∶ | an | at | an | a/an | in | i/in | īyan | īyas | van | vat | aṅ ak | -yaṅ -yak |
| 双 | 012 | ◦au <font color="#d83931">◦ī</font> | asau | asī | iṣau | iṣī | antau | atī | ānau | (a)nī | inau | inī | īyāṃsau | īyasī | vāṃsau | uṣi | aṅcau acī | -yañcau -īcī |
| | 345 | ◦bhyām | obhyām | < | irbhyām | < | adbhyām | < | abhyām | < | ibhyām | < | īyobhyām | < | vadbhyām | < | agbhyām | -yagbhyām |
| | 67 | ◦os | asos | ∶ | iṣos | ∶ | atos | ∶ | (a)nos | < | inos | < | īyasos | ∶ | uṣos | ∶ | acos | -īcos |
| 复 | 01 | ◦as ==◦a<font color="#d83931">n</font>t<font color="#d83931">i</font>== | asas | āṃsi | iṣas | īṃṣi | antas | anti | ānas | āni | inas | īni | īyāṃsas | īyāṃsi | vāṃsas | vāṃsi | añcas añci | -yañcas -yañci |
| | 2 | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | atas | ¨ | (a)nas | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | īyasas | ¨ | uṣas | ¨ | acas añci | -īcas -yañci |
| | 3 | ◦bhis | obhis | < | irbhis | < | adbhis | ∶ | abhis | ∶ | ibhis | < | īyobhis | ∶ | vadbhis | < | agbhis | -yagbhis |
| | 4 | ◦bhyas | obhyas | < | irbhyas | < | adbhyas | ∶ | abhyas | < | ibhyas | < | īyobhyas | ∶ | vadbhyas | < | agbhyas | -yagbhyas |
| | 5 | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ |
| | 6 | ◦ām | asām | < | iṣām | ∶ | atām | ∶ | (a)nām | < | inām | < | īyasām | ∶ | uṣām | ∶ | acām | -īcām |
| | 7 | ◦su | aḥsu/assu | < | iḥṣu/iṣṣu | < | atsu | ∶ | asu | ∶ | iṣu | ∶ | īyaḥsu/īyassu | < | vatsu | ∶ | akṣu | -yakṣu |
| | | | | | | | [§88](Stenzler#§88) | < | | | | | | | | | | |
<br>
# 代詞
| 数 | 格 | 第一人称 | 第二人称 | tad彼 | | | idam此 | | | adas彼 | | |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| | | mad/asmad | tvad/yuṣmad | m. | n. | f. | m. | n. | f. | m. | n. | f. |
| 单 | 1 | aham | tvam | sas | <font color="#ff0000">tat</font> | sā | ayam | <font color="#ff0000">idam</font> | iyam | asau | <font color="#ff0000">adas</font> | asau |
| | 2 | mām | tvām | tam | ¨ | tām | imam | ¨ | imām | amum | ¨ | amūm |
| | 3 | mayā | tvayā | tena | | tayā | anena | ∶ | anayā | amunā | ∶ | amuyā |
| | 4 | mahyam | tubhyam | tasmai | | tasyai | asmai | ∶ | asyai | amuṣmai | ∶ | amuṣyai |
| | 5 | <font color="#ff0000">mat</font> | <font color="#ff0000">tvat</font> | tasmāt | | tasyās | asmāt | ∶ | asyās | amuṣmāt | ∶ | amuṣyās |
| | 6 | mama | tava | tasya | | ¨ | asya | ∶ | ¨ | amuṣya | ∶ | ¨ |
| | 7 | mayi | tvayi | tasmin | | tasyām | asmin | ∶ | asyām | amuṣmin | ∶ | amuṣyām |
| 双 | 012 | āvām | yuvām | tau | te | te | imau | ime | ime | amū | | ∶ |
| | 345 | āvābhyām | yuvābhyām | tābhyām | | ∶ | ābhyām | | ∶ | amūbhyām | | ∶ |
| | 67 | āvayos | yuvayos | tayos | | ∶ | anayos | | ∶ | amuyos | | ∶ |
| 复 | 01 | vayam | yūyam | te | tāni | tās | ime | imāni | imās | amī | amūni | amūs |
| | 2 | asmān | yuṣmān | tān | ¨ | ¨ | imān | ¨ | ¨ | amūn | ¨ | ¨ |
| | 3 | asmābhis | yuṣmābhis | tais | | tābhis | ebhis | | ābhis | amībhis | | amūbhis |
| | 4 | asmabhyam | yuṣmabhyam | tebhyas | | tābhyas | ebhyas | | ābhyas | amībhyas | | amūbhyas |
| | 5 | <font color="#ff0000">asmat</font> | <font color="#ff0000">yuṣmat</font> | | | ¨ | | | ¨ | | | ¨ |
| | 6 | asmākam | yuṣmākam | teṣām | | tāsām | eṣām | | āsām | amīṣām | | amūṣām |
| | 7 | asmāsu | yuṣmāsu | teṣu | | tāsu | eṣu | | āsu | amīṣu | | amūṣu |
| 单 | 1 | yas | <font color="#ff0000">yat</font> | yā |
| - | - | - | - | - |
| | 2 | yam | ¨ | yām |
| | | | | |
| 单 | 1 | kas | <font color="#ff0000">kim</font> | kā |
| | 2 | kam | ¨ | kām |
| | 其余同tad |<|<|<|
| | 第一人称 | | 第二人称 | |
| - | - | - | - | - |
| | 246(不用于句首) | | | |
| 单 | mā/me/me | | tvā/te/te | |
| 双 | nau | | vām； | |
| 复 | nas | | vas | |
| | 5 | | | |
| 单 | mattas | | tvattas | |
| 礼貌形式bhavat/bhavatī按第三人称变化 |<|<|<|<|
<br>
# tiṅ1
| 词尾 （●代表词干分强弱时该词尾应与强词干结合；斜体部分针对第2、3、5、7、8、9类现在时词干） |<|<|<|<|<|<|<|<|<|<|<|
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 数 |人称| 原始<font class="size18">(现在 简单未来)</font> |<| 派生<font class="size18">(未完 不定过 假定)</font> |<| 完成 |<| 命令 |<| 祈愿<span style="font-size:0.66em;">[祈求]\(根+<br>[ ī<font color="#ff0000">y-</font> </span>==<span style="font-size:0.66em;">yā/ī<font color="#ff0000">y-</font></span>== <span style="font-size:0.66em;">]+<font color="#7030a0">派生尾</font>)</span> |<|
| | | 主 | 中 | 主 | 中 | 主 | 中 | 主 | 中 | 主 <span style="font-size:0.66em;">ī<font color="#ff0000">y</font>- / </span>==<span style="font-size:0.66em;">yā-</span>== | 中 ī<font color="#ff0000">y</font>- |
| 单数 | 1 | ● mi | e | ● (a)m | i | ● a <span style="font-size:0.66em;">ā根尾-au</span> | e | ● āni | ● ai | <font color="#7030a0">am</font> | a |
| | 2 | ● si | se | ● s ==<span style="font-size:0.66em;">脱落后<br>齿s变t/ḥ;</span>==<br><span style="font-size:0.66em;">不定过去<br>456类用īs</span> | thās | ● tha | se | __ ==<span class="size14">子dhi 元hi</span><br><span style="font-size:0.43em;">⑤⑧子nuhi元nu<br>⑨子āna元nīhi</span>== | sva | <font color="#7030a0">s</font> | <font color="#7030a0">thās</font> |
| | 3 | ● ti | te | ● t ==<span style="font-size:0.66em;">脱落后<br>齿和s变t;</span>==<br><span style="font-size:0.66em;">不定过去<br>456类用īt</span> | ta | ● a <span style="font-size:0.66em;">ā根尾-au</span> | e | ● tu | tām | <font color="#7030a0">t</font> | <font color="#7030a0">ta</font> |
| 双数 | 1 | vas | vahe | va | vahi | va | vahe | ● āva | ●āvahai | <font color="#7030a0">va</font> | <font color="#7030a0">vahi</font> |
| | 2 | thas | ethe ==āthe== | tam | ethām ==āthām== | athur | āthe | tam | ethām ==āthām== | <font color="#7030a0">tam</font> | āthām |
| | 3 | tas | ete ==āte== | tām | etām ==ātām== | atur | āte | tām | etām ==ātām== | <font color="#7030a0">tām</font> | ātām |
| 复数 | 1 | mas | mahe | ma | mahi | ma | mahe | ● āma | ●āmahai | <font color="#7030a0">ma</font> | <font color="#7030a0">mahi</font> |
| | 2 | tha | dhve | ta | dhvam | a | dhve <br><span style="font-size:0.66em;">u/ṛ之后变ḍhve</span> | ta | dhvam | <font color="#7030a0">ta</font> | <font color="#7030a0">dhvam</font> |
| | 3 | (a)nti <br>==ati<span style="font-size:0.66em;">(<font color="#a5a5a5">②</font>③类)</span>== | nte ==ate== | (a)n <br>==<span style="font-size:0.66em;">ur(<font color="#a5a5a5">②</font>③类) ;</span>==<br><span style="font-size:0.66em;">ur (不定<br>过去1、4)</span> | nta ==ata==<br><span style="font-size:0.66em;">ata (不定过去4)</span>| ur | re | (a)ntu<br>==atu==<span style="font-size:0.66em;">(<font color="#a5a5a5">②</font>③类)</span> | ntām ==atām== | ur<br>==<span style="font-size:0.66em;">前面的yā-<br>脱落ā</span>==| ran |
| | | | | | | | | ni a tu<br>va tam tām<br>ma ta ntu | | | |
强词干
a ．現在`[主][單][一二三]`
b ．完成`[主][單] [一二三]`
c ．[命]：主[單三].主中`[單雙複][一]`(這極其少見)。
插入元音a 在m-/v-前拉长，在e-前淘汰。
<br>
# 变位
（Conjugation）
## 谓语动词
| | 可用词尾 原始 派生 命令 祈愿 |
| --- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| | **词干**（●代表强词干；○代表弱词干；△代表最弱词干） |
| 现在 | **带插入元音** ==词干无强弱之分；a在m、v为初音的词尾前拉长，在中动词尾e前消失== [§138](Stenzler#§138) |
| | 1 二合词根 + a ==除闭长音节，余二合== |
| | 6 词根 + a ==ṛ变riy；ṝ变ir== |
| | 4 词根 + ya |
| | **不带插入元音** |
| | 2 词根（○ -- / ● 二合） |
| | 3 重复（○-- / ●二合） ==词根元音ṛ以i重复== |
| | 5 词根 + ○ nu / ● no ==a. 元+nv+元; 元+n(u)+v/m; b. 辅+nuv+元== |
| | 7 ○ 鼻音 / ○ ṃ / ● na + 词根尾辅音 ==ṃ+咝/h；已有鼻音则○同词根== |
| | 8 词根 + ○ u / ● o ==不规则：kṛ – ○kuru/kur(+m/y/v); ●karo== |
| | 9 词根 + ○ nī / ○ n / ● nā ==n+元；命主单2根尾辅音后无nī== |
| | 10 词根 + aya ==现在时变化同第一类。 根尾单辅音前i/u/ṛ二合，a三合；根尾i/ī/u/ū/ṛ/ṝ三合。== |
| 将来 | (二合) + sya/ṣya/iṣya | 原始 |
| --- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --- |
| | 迂回将来 (较远的将来)：第一二人称 (二合)+(i)+tā+as的现在时；第三人称 (二合)+(i)+tā/tārau/tāras (无时态词尾) | |
| | 假定式(条件式): a+(二合)+ sya/ṣya/iṣya | 派生 |
| 完成 词尾 完成 |
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| **词头重复** <br>**辅音开头**：送气变不送气，喉音变腭音，h变j，多辅音用第一个（清音前咝音不用）；<br> y/v初音●加i/u，○及词中变i/u；元音用相应短元音（ṛ/ṝ/ḷ/尾复合元音变a）； “单辅音非替代音+a+单辅音”不重复。 <br>**元音开头**：ā不变；单辅音前a变ā，i/u○变ī/ū，●变iy/uv；双辅音前a/ṛ变ān |
| 辅音+元音(自然长或位置长)+辅音：==无等级== |
| …+a+单辅音：==● (主动第一人称单)/主动第二人称单：三合。 ○ 单辅音非替代音开头：a变e。== |
| …+i/u/ṛ+单辅音：==● 二合== |
| …+i/ī/u/ū/ṛ/ṝ：==● 主动第一人称单：二合/三合。 主动第二人称单：二合。主动第三人称单：三合。 ○ 双辅音…+ṛ/…+ ṝ：二合。== |
| …+ā/复合元音：==● 主动第一三人称单：词尾为au。 ○ 丢掉ā== |
| 不规则：==bhū只有babhū/babhūv；vid按完成变，但不重复词头。== |
| **加联系元音i** <br>✔ 中动复三 ✔ 辅音尾前 ✔ ā类 ○ <br>✖ du/śru/stu/sru/kṛ/ bhṛ/vṛ/sṛ(除中动复三) ✖ ṛ尾主动单二 |
| |
| **迂回完成**(第10类/致使/愿望/名动/非a非ā长音开头/ās)： (二合) + ām + as / bhū / kṛ的完成时形式(只有kṛ可用中动) |
| 不定过去 | 词尾 |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --- |
| 1 词根 a+(…ā/复合元音/bhū) | 派生 |
| 2 带插入元音 a+(尾音ṛ/ṝ变二合)+a | |
| 3 重复带插入元音 a+词头重复(u/ū/i/ī)+(中间a消失,尾音i/u变iy/uv)+a | |
| 4 s型无插入元音 a+ (主动根元音变三合,中动根尾i/ī/u/ū变二合,ā变i)+s/ṣ(脱落于短元音/非鼻非r辅音后,t/th/dhvam前) | |
| 5 iṣ型无插入元音 a+ (主动根尾元音变三合，中动根尾元音变二合，单辅音前非a元音变二合)+is/iṣ | |
| 6 siṣ型 a+(…ā/复合元音/am)+siṣ | |
| 7 sa型 a+(…非a非ā元音+ś/ṣ/h)+sa | |
| **祈求式**: (△，i/u变长,ṝ变īr/ūr(唇音后),中动根尾元音变二合)+(主动)yās/(中动)sī/ṣī(+咝于t/th为初音的词尾前) | 祈愿 |
| | 被动 词尾 原始 派生 |
| ----- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 异于中动者 | 现在: (△，尾音ā/复合元音变ī，i/u变长，ṛ变ri/ar(双辅音后)，ṝ变īr/ūr(唇音后)，第10类、致使去aya) + ya (按中动变) |
| | 不定过去(将来、假定248): a+(尾元音及单辅音前a变三合，i/u/ṛ变二合)+i/yi(根尾ā后) (第三人称单数不再加词尾) |
| | 先变成以上某种词干 再加相应词尾 |
| --- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| 致使 | (i/u/ṛ二合/a 三合 + 单辅音；根尾i/ī/u/ū/ṛ/ṝ 三合)+ay/pay(ā后) |
| 愿望 | 词头重复(元音用i/u)+(i/u变长，ṛ/ ṝ变īr/ūr(唇音后))+s+(i) |
| 加强 | 词头重复(二合等)+(尾音ā/复合元音变ī,i/u变长,ṛ变ri/ar(双辅音后)，ṝ变īr/ūr(唇音后))+ya (按现在时中动变)/无ya(按主动变) |
| 名动 | 名词词干 + ya/sya |
## 非谓语动词
| | | |
| ---- | ---- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 词干构成 | 现在分词 | 主动： 第1、6、4、10类现在时词干 + t； 其他类现在时词干○ + at |
| | | 中/被动： 第1、6、4、10类现在时词干/被动词干 + māna/mānā； 其他类现在时词干○ + āna/ānā |
| | 将来分词 | 主动：将来时词干 + t |
| | | 中动：将来时词干 + māna |
| | 完成分词 | 主动：完成时词干△+ (i于单音节词干后)+vas |
| | | 中动：完成时词干△+ (i于单音节词干后)+āna |
| 词根构成 | 不定式 | (二合)+(i)+tum |
| | 必要分词 | (二合)+(i)+tavya/tavyā/anīya/anīyā/ya/yā |
| | 过去分词 | (△， 尾音ā/复合元音变i或ī，第10类、致使ay变i)+(i)+ta/tā；<br> 较少见：(尾音ṝ/d/g/j等)+na/nā。<br>有主动意义的过去分词：ta/na收尾的过去分词 + vat (●vant) |
| | 独立式 | 非复合动词：(尾音ā/复合元音变i或ī)+(i)+tvā； |
| | | 复合动词：[△，ṝ变īr/ūr(唇音后)，第10类和致使、名转等的ay<font color="#C45911" class="size22">(除在词根短音节后外)</font>脱去]<br> +ya/tya(短元音后) |
| | | 较少见：(尾元音及单辅音前a变三合，i/u/ṛ变二合)+am |